Mac Python Os.environ Ld_library_path

08.04.2020
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Check your PATH Setting

In the instructions below, $INSTALL_DIR refers to the path to the new install directory, /path/to/dakota/install/directory/Dakota.

Make sure Dakota executables (and optionally test files and current directory) are available on the PATH by typing 'which dakota' at command line prompt. If your PATH variable is set correctly, the path to the dakota binary should be displayed.

If your PATH variable is NOT set correctly, you will get a message like the following:

The following setup will make the dakota command and other helper programs available at the terminal. If you prefer you may refer to the dakota executable using its fully-qualified path. Note, however, that some examples will require modification to work properly if dakota and related helper programs are not on your PATH.

To persist the PATH to Dakota across terminals/sessions, make the following changes to the appropriate shell login script. If you prefer to just test in your current terminal, execute the commands directly in a terminal.

Make Changes in Bash Shell

  1. Edit your Bash startup file in your favorite text editor. For Linux, this is ~/.bashrc. OS X terminal runs a login shell, and so the start up file may be ~/.bashrc, ~/.bash_profile, ~/.bash_login, or ~/.profile. See the manpage for Bash for more information about the differences between login and non-login shells.
  2. Modify and export PATH, PYTHONPATH, and (if using a Dakota release prior to 6.8) (DY)LD_LIBRARY_PATH variables. Type the following line, replacing $INSTALL_DIR with the absolute path to your installation directory, e.g. $HOME. You need not add the gui path if you are not using the Dakota GUI, or PYTHONPATH if you do not plan to use the dakota.interfacing Python module.

    On Linux:

    On OS X:

  3. Save and close file.
  4. Update changes in your shell window.

Make Changes in C shell

  1. Edit the startup file ~/.cshrc in your favorite text editor.
  2. Modify and export PATH, PYTHONPATH, and (if using a Dakota release prior to 6.8) (DY)LD_LIBRARY_PATH variables. Type the following line, replacing $INSTALL_DIR with the absolute path to your installation directory, e.g. $HOME. You need not add the gui path if you are not using the Dakota GUI, or PYTHONPATH if you do not plan to use the dakota.interfacing Python module.

    On Linux:

    On OS X:

  3. Save and close file.
  4. Update changes in your shell window.
Author

Bob Savage <bobsavage@mac.com>

Python on a Macintosh running Mac OS X is in principle very similar to Python onany other Unix platform, but there are a number of additional features such asthe IDE and the Package Manager that are worth pointing out.

4.1. Getting and Installing MacPython¶

Mac OS X 10.8 comes with Python 2.7 pre-installed by Apple. If you wish, youare invited to install the most recent version of Python 3 from the Pythonwebsite (https://www.python.org). A current “universal binary” build of Python,which runs natively on the Mac’s new Intel and legacy PPC CPU’s, is availablethere.

What happens if you delete photos library on mac. Application Support is usually the largest by quite some margin, so.

What you get after installing is a number of things:

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  • A Python3.8 folder in your Applications folder. In hereyou find IDLE, the development environment that is a standard part of officialPython distributions; PythonLauncher, which handles double-clicking Pythonscripts from the Finder; and the “Build Applet” tool, which allows you topackage Python scripts as standalone applications on your system.

  • A framework /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework, which includes thePython executable and libraries. The installer adds this location to your shellpath. To uninstall MacPython, you can simply remove these three things. Asymlink to the Python executable is placed in /usr/local/bin/.

The Apple-provided build of Python is installed in/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework and /usr/bin/python,respectively. You should never modify or delete these, as they areApple-controlled and are used by Apple- or third-party software. Remember thatif you choose to install a newer Python version from python.org, you will havetwo different but functional Python installations on your computer, so it willbe important that your paths and usages are consistent with what you want to do.

IDLE includes a help menu that allows you to access Python documentation. If youare completely new to Python you should start reading the tutorial introductionin that document.

If you are familiar with Python on other Unix platforms you should read thesection on running Python scripts from the Unix shell.

4.1.1. How to run a Python script¶

Your best way to get started with Python on Mac OS X is through the IDLEintegrated development environment, see section The IDE and use the Help menuwhen the IDE is running.

If you want to run Python scripts from the Terminal window command line or fromthe Finder you first need an editor to create your script. Mac OS X comes with anumber of standard Unix command line editors, vim andemacs among them. If you want a more Mac-like editor,BBEdit or TextWrangler from Bare Bones Software (seehttp://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.html) are good choices, as isTextMate (see https://macromates.com/). Other editors includeGvim (http://macvim-dev.github.io/macvim/) and Aquamacs(http://aquamacs.org/).

To run your script from the Terminal window you must make sure that/usr/local/bin is in your shell search path.

To run your script from the Finder you have two options:

  • Drag it to PythonLauncher

  • Select PythonLauncher as the default application to open yourscript (or any .py script) through the finder Info window and double-click it.PythonLauncher has various preferences to control how your script islaunched. Option-dragging allows you to change these for one invocation, or useits Preferences menu to change things globally.

4.1.2. Running scripts with a GUI¶

With older versions of Python, there is one Mac OS X quirk that you need to beaware of: programs that talk to the Aqua window manager (in other words,anything that has a GUI) need to be run in a special way. Use pythonwinstead of python to start such scripts.

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With Python 3.8, you can use either python or pythonw.

4.1.3. Configuration¶

Python on OS X honors all standard Unix environment variables such asPYTHONPATH, but setting these variables for programs started from theFinder is non-standard as the Finder does not read your .profile or.cshrc at startup. You need to create a file~/.MacOSX/environment.plist. See Apple’s Technical Document QA1067 fordetails.

For more information on installation Python packages in MacPython, see sectionInstalling Additional Python Packages.

4.2. The IDE¶

MacPython ships with the standard IDLE development environment. A goodintroduction to using IDLE can be found athttp://www.hashcollision.org/hkn/python/idle_intro/index.html.

4.3. Installing Additional Python Packages¶

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There are several methods to install additional Python packages:

  • Packages can be installed via the standard Python distutils mode (pythonsetup.pyinstall).

  • Many packages can also be installed via the setuptools extensionor pip wrapper, see https://pip.pypa.io/.

4.4. GUI Programming on the Mac¶

Mac Python Os.environ Ld_library_path Tutorial

There are several options for building GUI applications on the Mac with Python.

PyObjC is a Python binding to Apple’s Objective-C/Cocoa framework, which isthe foundation of most modern Mac development. Information on PyObjC isavailable from https://pypi.org/project/pyobjc/.

The standard Python GUI toolkit is tkinter, based on the cross-platformTk toolkit (https://www.tcl.tk). An Aqua-native version of Tk is bundled with OSX by Apple, and the latest version can be downloaded and installed fromhttps://www.activestate.com; it can also be built from source.

wxPython is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs natively onMac OS X. Packages and documentation are available from https://www.wxpython.org.

PyQt is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs natively on MacOS X. More information can be found athttps://riverbankcomputing.com/software/pyqt/intro.

4.5. Distributing Python Applications on the Mac¶

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The “Build Applet” tool that is placed in the MacPython 3.6 folder is fine forpackaging small Python scripts on your own machine to run as a standard Macapplication. This tool, however, is not robust enough to distribute Pythonapplications to other users.

The standard tool for deploying standalone Python applications on the Mac ispy2app. More information on installing and using py2app can be foundat http://undefined.org/python/#py2app.

4.6. Other Resources¶

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The MacPython mailing list is an excellent support resource for Python users anddevelopers on the Mac:

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Another useful resource is the MacPython wiki: